Overview
The whistle has blown on a quarter defined by geopolitical tensions and a continued artificial intelligence-related investment boom, set against the backdrop of a domestically hosted FIFA World Cup and the 250th anniversary of U.S. independence. U.S. large-cap stocks, as measured by the S&P 500 Index, closed at a new all-time high on June 2 and finished the quarter up 15%. U.S. small-cap stocks, represented by the Russell 2000 Index, performed even better, gaining a noteworthy 22%—their strongest quarterly return since the fourth quarter of 2020, when the index advanced 31%. U.S. intermediate-term bonds, as measured by the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index, posted a modest gain of 0.7%.
The labor market remained resilient throughout the second quarter. The U.S. economy added 365,000 new jobs over the past three-month period, despite continued layoffs in parts of the economy.1 The technology sector remained the center of job cuts in the first half of 2026.2 For the fourth consecutive month, artificial intelligence was cited as the primary driver of layoffs, with 23% of all announced job cuts in the first half of the year attributed directly to AI.2
The U.S. consumer also remained surprisingly strong. Personal spending increased by 0.4% in April and 0.7% in May.3 Meanwhile, wage growth (3.5% year-over-year in June) has not kept pace with inflation (4.2% year-over-year in May, the most recent reading).4 Larger-than-usual tax refunds following the passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill in July 2025 appear to have supported spending. Tax refunds were 18% higher than a year earlier, and the average refund increased about 12% to $3,280.5
A defining development during the quarter was the beginning of a new Federal Reserve Chair’s tenure (more on this later). As expected, the Federal Reserve left interest rates unchanged throughout the first half of the year.6 However, expectations for the path of rates shifted dramatically as energy prices pushed inflation higher amid the conflict in the Middle East. The rapid repricing reflected two key forces: inflationary pressure stemming from the Iran conflict and the continued resilience of the U.S. economy, underpinned by a resilient labor market and consumer.
Halftime
The U.S.–Iran conflict dominated headlines during the second quarter. Following the outbreak of hostilities on February 28, both countries significantly escalated their military campaigns. The conflict placed the Strait of Hormuz at the center of global attention, disrupting energy flows and contributing to fuel shortages worldwide.7 Tensions peaked in early April, with West Texas Intermediate crude oil rising to $113 per barrel and Brent crude reaching $118.8
Diplomatic efforts gained traction in April when the U.S. and Iran agreed to a Pakistan-mediated ceasefire on April 7, although violations by both sides persisted and the U.S. later imposed a naval blockade on vessels bound for Iranian ports.9 Negotiations remained fragile through May before culminating in a 14-point memorandum of understanding signed on June 17.10 The agreement established a framework for discussions covering navigation through the Strait of Hormuz, Iran’s nuclear and missile programs, and sanctions relief.10 While military operations formally ended, many key issues remain unresolved, and negotiations continue. The 60-day deadline outlined in the June 17 memorandum of understanding expires in mid-August.
Domestic energy markets reflected the impact of the Iran conflict. U.S. crude oil exports reached a record 6.4 million barrels per day in April and remained elevated through mid-June, benefiting domestic producers.11 Even so, gasoline inventories fell to multi-year lows during the quarter, driving a sharp increase in fuel prices. Average pump prices for regular unleaded gasoline rose from $2.80 per gallon in early January to a peak of $4.60 on May 20 before ending June at $3.85.12
May 15 marked the start of a new era at the Federal Reserve. Kevin Warsh was nominated Federal Reserve Chair in January, and his April confirmation hearing outlined a framework centered on trimmed-mean inflation measures, the removals of forward guidance and the dot plot, and a belief that AI-driven productivity gains will ultimately prove disinflationary.13,14 Those themes remained front and center at his first Federal Open Market Committee meeting on June 16–17. At the post-meeting press conference, Warsh announced five task forces focused on Fed communications, balance sheet policy, data sources, productivity and AI, and the inflation framework.15
The newly established task forces suggest a broad review of how monetary policy is communicated, implemented, and evaluated.15 The most consequential changes may emerge from the inflation framework review. Warsh appears focused on whether traditional headline inflation measures adequately capture underlying price pressures, and he seems interested in placing more emphasis on trimmed-mean measures that exclude extreme price movements.15,16
A shift toward gauges such as the Cleveland Fed Trimmed Mean CPI would place greater emphasis on inflation trends rather than short-term volatility, potentially influencing both policy decisions and how inflation risks are communicated to markets. The Cleveland Fed’s 16% Trimmed-Mean CPI is derived from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ CPI data and is calculated by excluding the most extreme price increases and decreases each month (approximately the highest 8% and lowest 8% of weighted price changes) and averaging the remainder, providing a clearer measure of underlying inflation trends.17
Despite a mixed political and economic backdrop, the U.S. consumer remained resilient throughout the second quarter and the first half of 2026. Consumer fundamentals remain healthy, and both personal income and spending (at 0.7% month-over-month in May) remained above five-year averages of 0.4% and 0.5%, respectively.18,4 The Johnson Redbook Index (a higher-frequency datapoint which measures the weekly same-store sales at major U.S. retailers) rose to the highest non-pandemic-fueled level on record.19 Evidence emerged during the quarter that lower-income consumers may be recovering. According to PNC Bank credit card data, the spending gap between upper- and lower-income households narrowed from 4.5% at the end of 2025 to approximately 1.5% by June. Cash savings buffers for lower-income households also increased from 25 days to more than 30 days.20 Similarly, Bank of America data showed that lower-income household spending reached its highest level in three years during June.21
Importantly, the 2026 FIFA World Cup was unlikely to be the primary driver of the strength. Most World Cup-related spending occurs in lodging, dining, transportation, and ticketing, categories that are not well captured by the Redbook Index. However, other data sources reflected strong activity. OpenTable (a measure of key restaurant performance metrics, guest spending behavior, and seated diner traffic) reported a 40% year-over-year increase in seated diners during the final week of June.22
Consumers may see relief on certain goods’ prices in the coming months. On February 20, the Supreme Court ruled that President Trump lacked the authority to impose tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), effectively invalidating the April 2025 “Liberation Day” tariffs.23 On March 4, 2026, the U.S. Court of International Trade ordered Customs and Border Protection to refund at least $165 billion in improperly collected tariffs, injecting liquidity back into businesses and consumers.24 According to court filings, as of the end of June, $71 billion had effectively been refunded, with $100 billion in the pipeline.25,26 Walmart is expected to receive roughly $2.4 billion.27 As Walmart CFO John Rainey noted:
“We think the single best return that we can have on a dollar of capital right now is to invest in the consumer and invest in price.”28
Since the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022, the five largest U.S. hyperscalers (Amazon, Microsoft, Meta, Alphabet, and Oracle) have driven the largest corporate investment cycle on record. Capex increased from $156 billion in 2023 to $443 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $700 billion in 2026 and over $900 billion in 2027.29 Some estimates suggest that AI-related capex accounted for around 50% of U.S. GDP growth in 2025.30 AI-related spending on data centers, chips, and networking equipment accounted for about 0.8% of U.S. GDP in the first quarter of 2026, helping push total computing infrastructure investment to 1.5% of GDP—more than double its average share between 2015 and 2022.31 Effectively, the AI hyperscalers have been sponsoring much of the strength in the U.S. economy and in equity markets for nearly four years. This trend shifted in the first half of 2026. As AI capex accelerated, free cash flow came under pressure. Alphabet’s first-quarter free cash flow fell 47% year-over-year, while Amazon’s declined 95% under the weight of AI infrastructure spending.29
Market breadth (the percentage of stocks participating in a market advance or decline) improved steadily during the second quarter. More than 60% of S&P 500 constituents ended the period above their 200-day moving averages.32 U.S. small-cap stocks outperformed their large-cap counterparts by 6%, while a broader mix of companies reached new highs. This suggests that market leadership may be expanding beyond the mega-cap technology companies that have dominated returns in recent years. Earnings expectations for the remainder of 2026 support this view. Energy (66%), Information Technology (49%), and Materials (39%) are expected to lead S&P 500 earnings growth, while overall index earnings are projected to increase by 24% on 11% revenue growth.33
Markets
Emerging markets remained resilient, particularly given disproportionate exposure to Middle Eastern oil, ending the quarter up a noteworthy 24%. Among emerging markets, Taiwan (+49%) and Korea (+88%) stood out as top performers due to outsized gains by a handful of semiconductor and AI-related names. In Korea, chip maker SK Hynix rose by over 220% in the second quarter while electronic giant Samsung gained nearly 100%. In Taiwan, the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) gained 36% in the second quarter. The MSCI China Index ended the second quarter down 7%, bringing Chinese equities down nearly 15% year-to-date. The MSCI India Index gained 10% in the second quarter, bringing year-to-date returns to -10% for the country.
Fixed-income markets remained relatively muted through the second quarter. U.S. intermediate-term bonds posted modest gains, ending the quarter up 0.7% despite an upward shift in the yield curve over the quarter. After rising to 4.66% on May 19, the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield ended the quarter at 4.42%.
Looking Forward
We are focused on how the AI buildout transitions from a story of capacity expansion to one of monetization, profitability, and broader economic productivity. The key question is whether hyperscalers’ AI spending will generate enough returns to support expectations for more than 20% S&P 500 earnings growth in 2026 and continued margin expansion across industries. Meta’s decision to lease excess AI compute highlights a growing debate around whether bottlenecks are easing and if supply is catching up with demand. Within the AI ecosystem, we continue to see opportunity in areas such as power and nuclear infrastructure, though we expect a more volatile path as project delays, capacity additions, and cyclical pressures emerge. Ultimately, the next phase of the AI trade may be defined less by who builds the infrastructure and more by which companies successfully convert AI adoption into sustainable revenue growth, margin expansion, and free cash flow.
We are monitoring the outcomes of Kevin Warsh’s five Federal Reserve task forces, particularly whether they result in changes to how inflation is measured and to Fed communications, including a potential shift toward trimmed-mean inflation measures. Beyond monetary policy, we are watching the reopening of the IPO market, an evolving supply backdrop for U.S. equities, and signs that market leadership is broadening beyond AI capex beneficiaries toward sectors such as Healthcare, Financials, Energy, and Real Estate.
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The material shown is for informational purposes only. Any opinions expressed are current only as of the time made and are subject to change without notice. This report may include estimates, projections or other forward-looking statements; however, forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements. As a practical matter, no entity is able to accurately and consistently predict
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Performance Disclosures
All market pricing and performance data from Bloomberg, unless otherwise cited. Asset class and sector
performance are gross of fees unless otherwise indicated.
Asset Class Definitions
Asset class performance was measured using the following benchmarks: U.S. Large Cap Stocks: S&P 500 TR Index; U.S. Small & Micro Cap: Russell 2000 TR Index; Intl Dev Large Cap Stocks: MSCI EAFE GR Index; Emerging & Frontier Market Stocks: MSCI Emerging Markets GR Index; U.S. Interm-Term Muni Bonds: Bloomberg 1-10 (1-12 Yr) Muni Bond TR Index; U.S. Interm-Term Bonds: Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond TR Index; U.S. High Yield Bonds: Bloomberg U.S. Corporate High Yield TR Index; U.S. Bank Loans: S&P/LSTA U.S. Leveraged Loan Index; Intl Developed Bonds: Bloomberg Global Aggregate ex-U.S. Index; Emerging & Frontier Market Bonds: JPMorgan EMBI Global Diversified TR Index; U.S.
REITs: MSCI U.S. REIT GR Index, Ex U.S. Real Estate Securities: S&P Global Ex-U.S. Property TR Index; Commodity Futures: Bloomberg Commodity TR Index; Midstream Energy: Alerian MLP TR Index; Gold: LBMA Gold Price, U.S. 60/40: 60% S&P 500 TR Index; 40% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond TR Index; Global 60/40: 60% MSCI ACWI GR Index; 40% Bloomberg Global Aggregate Bond TR Index.
Citations
1. Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm
2. Challenger, Gray & Christmas: https://www.challengergray.com/blog/challenger-report-june-layoffs-cool-to-45849-down-53-from-may-ai-leads-reasons-for-fourth-consecutive-month/
3. Bureau of Economic Analysis: https://www.bea.gov/data/consumer-spending/main
4. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES0500000003#
5. IRS: https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/filing-season-statistics-for-week-ending-may-8-2026
6. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS
7. IEA: https://www.iea.org/topics/the-middle-east-and-global-energy-markets
8. OilPrice.com: https://oilprice.com/oil-price-charts/
9. CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/07/trump-iran-ceasefire-hormuz-strait.html
10. Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/14-point-draft-us-iran-deal-2026-06-17/
11. U.S. Energy Information Administration: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=WCREXUS2&f=W
12. AAA: https://gasprices.aaa.com/
13. Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/economy/central-banking/key-moments-from-kevin-warshs-congressional-testimony-1e1cec0b
14. Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-21/kevin-warsh-s-fed-confirmation-hearing-key-takeaways-on-interest-rates-policy
15. Federal Reserve: https://www.federalreserve.gov/mediacenter/files/FOMCpresconf20260617.pdf
16. Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/economy/central-banking/kevin-warsh-wants-the-fed-to-think-about-inflation-differently-64272e0a
17. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland: https://www.clevelandfed.org/indicators-and-data/median-cpi
18. Bureau of Economic Analysis: https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/personal-income
19. MacroMicro: https://en.macromicro.me/charts/23462/us-redbook-same-store-index
20. PNC: https://www.pnc.com/content/dam/pnc-com/pdf/aboutpnc/EconomicReports/consumer_health_check/PNC_Research_Consumer_Health_Check_June_2026.pdf
21. Bank of America: https://institute.bankofamerica.com/content/dam/economic-insights/consumer-checkpoint-july-2026.pdf
22. OpenTable: https://www.opentable.com/c/state-of-industry/#seated-diners-chart
23. Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/us-supreme-court-rejects-trumps-global-tariffs-2026-02-20/
24. Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/us/judge-orders-trump-administration-finalize-goods-entering-us-without-assessing-2026-03-04/
25. Cato Institute: https://www.cato.org/blog/ieepa-refunds-update-good-progress-still-ways-go
26. U.S. Court of International Trade: https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cit.17610/gov.uscourts.cit.17610.39.0.pdf
27. CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/22/trump-tariff-refunds-walmart-home-depot-target-apply.html
28. NPR: https://www.npr.org/2026/05/21/nx-s1-5829712/walmart-price-cuts-gas-tariff-refunds
29. Bloomberg data series
30. Bank for International Settlements: https://www.bis.org/publ/bisbull120.pdf
31. Epoch AI: https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ai-datacenter-share-gdp
32. Bloomberg data series
33. FactSet: https://advantage.factset.com/hubfs/Website/Resources%20Section/Research%20Desk/Earnings%20Insight/EarningsInsight_071026.pdf
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